PATHOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE STRUCTURES OF THE EAR, NOSE, AND THROAT ORGANS

Abstract

The ear, nose, and throat (ENT) organs play an essential role in human health and functionality, serving as critical components of the sensory, respiratory, and digestive systems. These organs, while often studied together due to their interconnected anatomical and physiological features, face a wide range of pathological changes over time, influenced by various factors such as infections, environmental exposures, genetics, and aging. Pathological transformations in the structures of the ear, nose, and throat can have significant consequences for both individuals and healthcare systems. These transformations may manifest as benign or malignant conditions, with some diseases leading to permanent functional impairments, while others may present acute or chronic challenges to treatment and management. The ear, responsible for hearing and balance, is particularly vulnerable to conditions such as chronic otitis media, which can lead to hearing loss if left untreated. The nose and sinuses, integral to the respiratory system, can develop chronic rhinosinusitis, resulting in nasal obstruction, facial pain, and recurrent infections. The throat, including the larynx and pharynx, is also a common site for malignancies such as laryngeal and pharyngeal carcinoma, often linked to environmental factors like smoking, alcohol consumption, and chronic irritation. Additionally, aging leads to degenerative changes that impact these organs, further complicating treatment outcomes.